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Objective To investigate the prevalence of chronic heart failure in the adult hospitalized population and to analyze the related disease burden. Methods A total of 326 chronic heart failure samples from adult inpatients in Yanliang District, Xi'an City from 2019 to 2021 were selected for analysis. The three-year epidemic situation was described and analyzed, and the information on the disease burden (hospitalization and cost, quality of life) caused by heart failure was collected, and the disease burden was preliminarily analyzed. The study used the Chinese version of the Minnesota heart failure quality of life questionnaire (Minnesota lving with heart failure questionnaire, MLHFQ) to measure the quality of life of patients during hospitalization. Results Among the patients in this study, there were 196 male patients (60.12%) and 130 female patients (39.88%), with an average age of (57.14±13.64) years, and the highest incidence was in the age group of 60-69 years. The highest proportion of cardiac function grades I to IV is grade III, and the lowest is grade I; coronary atherosclerotic heart disease is the first cause, followed by hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy and rheumatism. Sexual heart valve. In addition, the patients' primary disease duration was on average (7.14±3.05) years. 26.99% of patients had blood pressure exceeding the standard during hospitalization. The average length of hospitalization of the subjects was (12.97±4.52) d, and there were significant differences in the length of hospitalization between patients with different age groups, different cardiac function grades, different primary diseases, and different primary disease durations (all P<0.05). The median medical expenses of the subjects during hospitalization were 31 373.70 (15 250.65, 47 005.15) yuan. The quality of life scores of the patients with heart failure in this study were (44.65±14.47), (35.91±12.58) in the physical domain, and (53.66±19.81) in the emotional domain. And the quality of life of male patients is lower; the quality of life of heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertension is lower; the level of cardiac function increases, and the quality of life score decreases. Conclusion In recent years, the elderly inpatients with chronic heart failure in Yanliang District, Xi'an City, the middle-aged, the high-level cardiac function, the patients with cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease, and the patients with the normal course of the primary disease have longer hospitalization time and higher medical expenses. Male patients, patients with heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertension, and patients with higher cardiac function grades have lower quality of life.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and diagnosis of malaria cases in Nantong City from 2015 to 2020, so as to provide insights into the prevention of re-establishment of imported malaria and consolidation of malaria elimination achievements in the city. Methods The epidemic data of malaria in Nantong City from 2015 to 2020 were captured from the National Notifiable Disease Report System, the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control and individual epidemiological survey reports of malaria cases. The malaria parasite species, source of infections, population distribution, temporal distribution, spatial distribution and diagnosis of imported malaria cases were descriptively and statistically analyzed. Results A total of 241 malaria cases were reported in Nantong City from 2015 to 2020, and all were overseas imported cases, including 191 cases with Plasmodium falciparum malaria (79.25%), 8 cases with P. vivax malaria (3.32%), 33 cases with P. ovale malaria (13.69%) and 9 cases with P. malaria malaria (3.73%). Overseas imported malaria cases acquired infections from 34 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and 97.93% of the cases were infected in Africa, and 90.04% (217/241) were reported in Chongchuan District, Hai’an City and Haimen District. Imported malaria cases were aged from 20 to 68 years, and a median age of 45 (13) years, and 97.10% were male. The median duration between returning to China and malaria onset was 7 (9) days among all imported malaria cases, and the median duration from initial diagnosis to definitive diagnosis was 2 (2) days. There were 167 cases that were initially diagnosed as malaria, with a correct rate of 69.29%, and 53.53 (129/241) of malaria cases were diagnosed at city-level medical institutions and 41.49% (100/241) at county-level medical institutions. In addition, the proportion of malaria cases reported by city-level medical institutions increased from 39.62% in 2015 to 81.25% in 2020 (χ2 = 6.94, P < 0.01). Conclusions The accuracy of initial malaria diagnosis requires to be improved in Nantong City. Malaria control knowledge should be specially given to migrant workers to shorten the duration of seeking medical care, and malaria training requires to be intensified among healthcare professionals to improve the diagnostic capability of imported malaria cases and the cure of severe P. falciparum malaria cases.
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Objective:To determine the current situation of patients with diabetic foot and influencing factors in Jinyang community of Shanghai. Methods:A total of 1400 patients with diabetes registered in community management from January 2019 through December 2019 were randomly selected for survey. All patients completed the screen for diabetic foot and then were divided into control group （n=159） and observation group （n=1 241） according to the occurrence of diabetic foot. Patient's demographics and medical history were recorded， including gender， age， history of long-term smoking， course of disease， history of trauma infection， fasting blood glucose， 2 h postprandial blood glucose （2hPG）， glycosylated hemoglobin （HbAlc）， blood lipid level， history of hyperglycemia， diabetic nephropathy， and diabetic retinopathy. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were performed with these possible influencing factors. Results:Univariate analysis showed that the incidence of diabetic foot was not significantly associated with gender， age， history of trauma infection， course of disease or blood lipid level （P>0.05）， whereas had statistical significance with long-term smoking history， fasting blood glucose and 2-hour diabetes mellitus PG， HbAlc， history of hypertension， diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy （P<0.05）. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that the incidence of diabetic foot was not statistically associated with gender， age， history of trauma infection， course of disease or blood lipid level （P>0.05）； it was significantly associated with long-term smoking history， fasting blood glucose and 2-hour diabetes mellitus PG， HbAlc， history of hypertension， diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy （P<0.05）. Conclusion:There are multiple influencing factors of diabetic foot in Jinyang community. We should take corresponding measures to control the blood glucose level of diabetic patients and reduce the incidence of diabetic foot.
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Objective To analyze the global status of COVID-19 epidemics, so as to preliminarily forecast the epidemic trend. Methods The epidemiological data of 208 countries and the prevention and control policies implemented by typical countries from December 31, 2019 to December 14, 2020 were collected. We use the cumulative incidence rate, cumulative mortality, cumulative fatality and real-time dependent reproduction number (Rt) to analyze the epidemic status. We use the provenance package to group different countries and discuss the effect of prevention and control measures. Results As of December 14, 2020, a cumulative incidence of 93.49 per 10000, a cumulative mortality rate of 0.21‰, and a cumulative fatality rate of 3.1‰ had been reported globally.112 of the 208 countries still had Rt ≥ 1.0, and 96 countries had Rt t , and the government had adopted more relaxed epidemic prevention measures. The epidemic situation in this region may continue to deteriorate, and needs to be focused in the later period.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological features and diagnosis of imported malaria cases in Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2020, so as to provide the scientific evidence for the management of imported malaria in the province. Methods The data of malaria cases reported in Zhejiang Province were captured from the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention from 2017 to 2020, and the temporal, spatial and human distribution, and initial and definitive diagnosis of imported malaria cases were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 593 malaria cases were reported in Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2020, and all were overseas imported cases, including 532 men and 61 women, with a mean age of 41 years. There were 93.93% of the malaria cases from African countries, and the malaria parasites infecting these cases included Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and mixed infections, with P. falciparum as the predominant species (76.73%, 455/593). All malaria cases received totally correct initial diagnoses in county- and city-level centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) and entry-exit inspection and quarantine sectors, and the proportion of malaria cases with confirmation at the day of initial diagnosis was 41.48% (207/499) in medical institutions and 66.18% (45/68) in CDC (χ2 = 14.779, P < 0.001). In addition, the median interval [M (QR)] of malaria cases was 1 (2) d from onset to initial diagnosis and 1 (2) d from initial diagnosis to confirmation in Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2020, and the median interval [M (QR)] of severe malaria cases was significantly longer than that of non-severe cases [2 (3) d vs. 1 (2) d; Z = −3.002, P < 0.05]. Conclusions Zhejiang Province faces great challenges of malaria control, and post-elimination surveillance of malaria still requires to be reinforced. Meanwhile, the awareness of seeking medical services requires to be improved among returners from malaria-endemic regions and the diagnostic capability of malaria requires to be improved among medical professionals.
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Objective To understand the epidemic status of malaria and progress of malaria elimination in Henan Province in 2018, so as to provide the scientific evidence for formulating the control strategy of malaria. Methods All data pertaining to the epidemic status of malaria and malaria case were captured from Henan Province in 2018, and the epidemic status of malaria and the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method. Results A total of 174 malaria cases were reported in Henan Province in 2018, with a male-to-female ratio of 33.8∶1. The cases were predominantly found at 30- and 40- years, and farmer was the highest-risk population. All cases were imported for overseas countries and 96.55% (168/174) were from Africa. The cases were reported across 17 cities of the province, and 63.22% (110 cases) were detected in 4 cities of Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xuchang and Puyang. Both the median duration from onset to initial admission and the median time from the initial admission to definitive diagnosis were 1 d. There were 6 cases (3.45%) with more than 7 days to visit a doctor, and there were 13 cases (7.47%) with definitive diagnosis of over 7 days (delay in definitive diagnosis). All malaria cases were reported within 24 h, and 98.28% (171/174) completed case investigations within 3 d. All 18 cities had achieved malaria elimination by December 2018. Conclusions All malaria cases reported in Henan Province in 2018 are imported from overseas countries. Intensifying malaria surveillance among returnees from Africa and Southeast Asia and timely identification and treatment of imported malaria cases are required to prevent the development of secondary malaria cases, so as to ensure the achievement of malaria elimination in Henan Province on schedule.
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Recently, both of the species of tick-borne parasites and cases of tick-borne parasitic diseases in human beings are increasing in China. Tick-borne diseases are considered to be an important public health problem affecting the health of Chinese. In this paper, we summarize the epidemic status and control measures of tick-borne parasitic diseases in China, and put forward that the epidemic status of tick-borne parasitic diseases may be greatly underestimated in China, and the systematic surveillance of tick-borne parasitic diseases on population, vectors and animal hosts is urgently needed.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic situation and epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Zhenjiang City from 2004 to 2017, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the reasonable strategies and measures for malaria prevention and control. Methods The epidemiological data of malaria in Zhenjiang City from 2004 to 2017 were collected and analyzed for the epidemic situation, epidemiological characteristics, species of Plasmodium, blood test status for febrile patients. Results A total of 182 malaria cases were reported in Zhenjiang City between 2004 and 2017, 123 cases (67.58%) were infected with P. vivax, and 55 cases (30.22%) were infected with P. falciparum. Among all the reported cases, 41 (22.53%) were local cases, 66 (36.26%) were imported cases from other provinces in China, 75 (41.21%) were imported cases from abroad. Most of the cases were male (133 cases), and 59.89% of them concentrated in the age groups of 20-50 years. These cases were mainly farmers (24.73%, 45/182) and workers (24.18%, 44/182), and most of the cases occurred from July to September. From 2004 to 2017, the blood tests were conducted for 258 879 febrile patients, with a positive detection rate of 0.007% in the local population and 0.724% in floating population, and there was a statistically significant difference between them (P<0.01). Conclusion Since 2011, no indigenous cases have been reported in Zhenjiang City, and therefore, the control of imported malaria from abroad has become the key of malaria prevention and control in this city.
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Objective To understand the epidemic status of clonorchiasis and awareness of prevention and control knowledge in Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidences for control measures. Methods The baseline survey was carried out with a clue in vestigation of raw-fish eating behavior in potential endemic areas in 2016.The residents were examined by stool tests. The metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in fish, the rediae and cercariae in freshwater mollusk were detected. The feces samples of cats, dogs and pigs were collected and examined by sedimentation technique. Meanwhile, the epidemic factors, health knowledge and behavior were also surveyed. Results The residents in 26 villages had the habit of eating raw freshwater fish, and 19.51% of the respondents had this habit. The average infection rates of the population, Parafossarulus striatulus, freshwater fishes and reservoir hosts were 21.56%, 0, 8.24% and 2.27%, respectively. The infection rate of the population increased with age. There was a significant positive correlation between the behavior and the infection rate of the population (r = 0.88, P < 0.01). Only 11.46% of the respondents knew that eating raw-fish might cause C. sinensis infection, and 5.28% of them knew that C. sinensis was harmful to health. Conclusions Twenty-six villages in five townships were endemic areas of clonorchiasis in Xinfeng County. The permanent solution of prevention and control of clonorchiasis is to strengthen the health education and change the habit of raw-fish eating gradually.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic situation and epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Zhenjiang City from 2004 to 2017, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the reasonable strategies and measures for malaria prevention and control. Methods The epidemiological data of malaria in Zhenjiang City from 2004 to 2017 were collected and analyzed for the epidemic situation, epidemiological characteristics, species of Plasmodium, blood test status for febrile patients. Results A total of 182 malaria cases were reported in Zhenjiang City between 2004 and 2017, 123 cases (67.58%) were infected with P. vivax, and 55 cases (30.22%) were infected with P. falciparum. Among all the reported cases, 41 (22.53%) were local cases, 66 (36.26%) were imported cases from other provinces in China, 75 (41.21%) were imported cases from abroad. Most of the cases were male (133 cases), and 59.89% of them concentrated in the age groups of 20-50 years. These cases were mainly farmers (24.73%, 45/182) and workers (24.18%, 44/182), and most of the cases occurred from July to September. From 2004 to 2017, the blood tests were conducted for 258 879 febrile patients, with a positive detection rate of 0.007% in the local population and 0.724% in floating population, and there was a statistically significant difference between them (P<0.01). Conclusion Since 2011, no indigenous cases have been reported in Zhenjiang City, and therefore, the control of imported malaria from abroad has become the key of malaria prevention and control in this city.
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Objective To understand the epidemic status of clonorchiasis and awareness of prevention and control knowledge in Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidences for control measures. Methods The baseline survey was carried out with a clue in vestigation of raw-fish eating behavior in potential endemic areas in 2016.The residents were examined by stool tests. The metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in fish, the rediae and cercariae in freshwater mollusk were detected. The feces samples of cats, dogs and pigs were collected and examined by sedimentation technique. Meanwhile, the epidemic factors, health knowledge and behavior were also surveyed. Results The residents in 26 villages had the habit of eating raw freshwater fish, and 19.51% of the respondents had this habit. The average infection rates of the population, Parafossarulus striatulus, freshwater fishes and reservoir hosts were 21.56%, 0, 8.24% and 2.27%, respectively. The infection rate of the population increased with age. There was a significant positive correlation between the behavior and the infection rate of the population (r = 0.88, P < 0.01). Only 11.46% of the respondents knew that eating raw-fish might cause C. sinensis infection, and 5.28% of them knew that C. sinensis was harmful to health. Conclusions Twenty-six villages in five townships were endemic areas of clonorchiasis in Xinfeng County. The permanent solution of prevention and control of clonorchiasis is to strengthen the health education and change the habit of raw-fish eating gradually.
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Cysticercosis refers to a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of pork tapeworm Taenia solium.It is a parasitic zoonosis and listed by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of the neglected tropical diseases.Cysticercosis is spread-ing all over the world through globalization and it mainly epidemic in developing countries.In the southwest and minority nation-ality areas of China,as a result of the low level of medical and health care,and the unchangeable diet custom,there are still many cases of cysticercosis,which is manifested as a local high prevalence.Neuroimaging is the preferred method for cysticerco-sis diagnosis,and by using CT and MRI scans it is possible to visualise the infecting cysticerci and assess their number and loca-tion within the central nervous system(CNS).The immunological assay is also required in the diagnosis.At present,the preven-tion and control of cysticercosis is still relatively weak.In this paper,the current status and research progress of cysticercosis are reviewed,and further suggestions on the prevention and control of cysticercosis are put forward.
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Objective To understand the current status of paragonimiasis epidemic in western mountain areas in Hubei Prov-ince. Methods Four counties(cities)of Western Hubei Province(Xingshan,Enshi,Yunxi,Baokang)were selected as the investigation sites for active surveillance. Crabs were captured and the metacercariae of Paragonimus were detected. Meanwhile, the blood samples were collected from the residents in the surveillance sites and the unique IgG and IgM antibodies against Para-gonimus in the sera were detected by ELISA. In addition,a questionnaire survey about knowledge and behavior of prevention and control of paragonimiasis was taken among the residents. Results A total of 1143 residents were investigated in the active surveillance,the total positive rate of the serology test was 1.84%(21/1143),while the rates of the male and the female were 1.78%(10/562)and 1.89%(11/581),respectively,with no statistical significance between them(χ2=0.002,P>0.05). The average weight of 161 fresh-water crabs captured was 11.72 g,with the positive rate of 9.32%(15/161)and the infective density of 7.07 metacercariae per positive crab. The positive rates of the male and female crabs were 11.54%(9/78)and 7.23%(6/83), respectively(χ2=0.884,P>0.05),and the infective densities were 6.67 and 7.67 metacercariae per positive crab,respective-ly. Totally 1143 residents were investigated by questionnaires,and 0.44%of them had the behavior of eating raw or half-done fresh-water crab,and 0.87% of them had the behavior of drinking un-boiled stream water. Conclusions The transmission chain of paragonimiasis still exists in the nature environment of mountain area in Western Hubei Province. The positive rate of the second intermediate host rebounds in some investigation sites. Therefore,the measures of continuous surveillance and health education should be taken to avoid the appearance of the prevalence or outbreak.
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Objective To analyze the results of 3 investigations(2002-2004,2008-2009,and 2016)of major parasitic dis-eases in Shixing County,so as to provide the evidence for formulating further control strategies. Methods With the stratified clus-ter sampling method,5 administrative villages were investigated. A total of 200 residents aged above 3 years were sampled in each village to investigate the eggs of soil-transmitted nematodes with Kato-Katz technique,and the swab method was applied for detecting the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis in children aged 3-9 years. χ2 test was used for statistical analysis. Results To-tally 3857 individuals were surveyed for intestinal parasites,and 5 species of parasites were found and the total infection rates were 28.37%,4.32%and 0.50%in the 3 investigations respectively,and there were statistically significant differences between any two investigations(χ2=287.64,327.60 and 31.89 respectively,and all P<0.01). The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoi-des,hookworm,Trichuris trichiura and Clonorchis sinensis significantly decreased in the third investigation compared with those in the first investigation(χ2 =424.55,55.45,43.40 and 26.12 respectively,all P<0.01). However,there was no significant difference between the E. vermicularis infection rates of the first investigation and the third investigation(χ2=0.16,P>0.05). Conclusions Compared with the status in the first investigation,the infection rates of A. lumbricoides,hookworm,T. trichiura and C. sinensis are significantly decreased by 90%or more in the third investigation. However,the children's infection rate of E. vermicularis is still very high. Therefore,we should focus on the comprehensive control measures of E. vermicularis infection while formulating further control strategies of parasitic diseases.
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Objective To understand the pathogen spectrum and epidemic status of major human parasites in Chenzhou City,Hunan Province,so as to provide the evidence for parasitic diseases control. Methods The survey sites were selected by the stratified cluster sampling method. The intestinal helminthic eggs were detected by Kato?Katz technique. The trophozoites or cysts of intestinal protozoa were detected by saline smear and iodine staining methods. The eggs of Enterubius vermicularis of chil?dren from 3 to 6 years old were detected by the cellophane anal swab method. The species of hookworm were identified by the fil?ter paper strip culture method. Results A total of 7 031 people were detected with the intestinal helminthic infective rate of 1.83%(129 cases). The major parasite was hookworm and there was a statistically significant difference of the infection rates among various parasites(c2=107.77,P<0.01). All the hookworm larvae were Necator americanus. No intestinal protozoon was detected. There were statistically significant differences of the infection rates among the counties(c2=25.77,P<0.01). The age of the patients was mainly focused on 30 and above years old and the infection rate was increased with the growth of age(c2=26.21,P<0.01). Farmers were the main population of the patients and there was a statistically significant difference of the in?fection rates between farmer and others(c2=29.67,P<0.01). Conclusions The infection rates of parasites are low and hook?worm is the main parasite in the pathogen spectrum in Chenzhou City. However,the infection factors still exist,therefore,effec?tive and scientific measures should be taken to consolidate the achievement.
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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a chronic suppressive treatment that provides lifelong treatment effectively for patients with HIV,improving the quality of life for patients.Although the overall trend of new infections is declining,the number of new HIV infections per year and the number of deaths related AIDS is still very large,remaining one of the world's biggest public health challenges.In the field of epidemiology,HIV/AIDS distributed in poor areas with limited medical means such as Africa,and men who have sex with men (MSM),sex workers and people who inject drugs (PWID) become the main susceptible population;In the field of prevention,prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services,treatment as prevention (TasP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) have achieved initial success,but the coverage is still limited;In the field of treatment,the extent of HIV resistance in multiple countries increases to more than 10％,and the cure of HIV/AIDS research and vaccine development are currently in animal or cellular experiments.Over the past decade,China has established several measures to prevent the HIV epidemic further,and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS patients.At the same time,China is also facing the following challenges:the targeted prevention program,susceptible groups increased (such as MSM,PWID and youth),long-term care of patients with HIV/AIDS,the coverage of PMTCT services,eliminate discrimination process,etc.Therefore,the purpose of this article is to review the epidemic status and control strategies of HIV/AIDS in China and the whole world in recent years.
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Objective To grasp the epidemic features of Kaschin-Beck disease in different ecotypic areas in Gansu Province,in order to provide ecological basis for Kashin-Beck disease control.Methods Totally 37 counties with Kashin-Beck disease were divided into four ecological areas,villages with historical serious condition in township and townships with historical serious condition in county were investigated.Clinical examination and Xray of right hand of all 7-12-year-old children in the villages were carried out,while investigation of prevention and control measures was performed.Results Among 27 966 children from four ecological areas,the clinical detection rate was 0.05％ (14/27 966) and the X-ray positive rate was 1.26％ (353/27 966),metaphyseal rate was 1.25％ (350/27 966),bone-side positive rate was 0.01％ (3/27 966) and no case of epiphyseal and carpal were discovered.The clinical detection rate in children in the four ecological areas was not statistically significant (x2() =7.757,P ＞0.05),the Loess Plateau-gully region of Longdong [0.09％ (10/11 604)] ＞ the Anyon area of Qinling of Longnan [0.04％ (3/7 969)] ＞ Alpine grassland meadow area of Gannan [0.02％ (1/4 021)] ＞ the Loess Plateau-hills region of Longzhong [0 (0/4 372)].The detected rate of X-ray in four ecological areas was statistically significant (x2 =18.133,P ＜ 0.05),the Anyon area of Qinling of Longnan [1.49％ (119/7 969)] ＞ the Loess Plateau-gully region of Longdong [1.41％ (164/11 604)] ＞ the Loess Plateau-hills region of Longzhong [0.89％ (39/4 372)] ＞ Alpine grassland meadow area of Gannan [0.77％ (31/4 021)].Comprehensive prevention and control measures on Kaschin-Beck disease were different in different ecotypic areas.Relocation,long-distance education and selenium supplement measures had not been implemented in the four ecological areas.Conclusion The epidemic situation of Kaschin-Beck disease is different in different ecotypic areas in Gansu Province,which maybe related to ecological environment,but is under a state of control.